Environmental Health In Gor Center And The Risk Of Infectious Diseases In Basketball And Volleyball Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

Uswatun Hasanah

Authors

Uswatun Hasanah Universitas Negeri Makassar

Keywords:

Environmental Health; Sports Hall; Communicable Diseases; Basketball Learning; Volleyball Learning

Abstract

Sports halls (GOR) serve as essential facilities for physical education learning, particularly in basketball and volleyball activities. However, environmental health conditions within indoor sports facilities may contribute to the transmission of communicable diseases through inadequate ventilation, poor sanitation, microbial contamination, and insufficient hygiene infrastructure. This study aimed to systematically review scientific evidence regarding the relationship between sports hall environmental health and communicable disease risks during basketball and volleyball learning activities. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) design following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Articles were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SINTA, and Garuda databases. The search covered publications from 2015 to 2025 using keywords related to environmental health, sports facilities, communicable diseases, basketball, and volleyball. A total of 187 records were identified, and after screening, eligibility assessment, and quality appraisal, 25 studies were included in the final review. The findings revealed five major environmental health dimensions associated with communicable disease risks: indoor air quality (88%), ventilation effectiveness (80%), sanitation management (72%), microbial contamination (60%), and hygiene infrastructure (56%). Airborne transmission was identified as the most dominant disease pathway (84%), followed by surface-contact transmission (68%) and shared-equipment transmission (60%). Studies consistently reported that poor ventilation, inadequate sanitation, and microbial contamination increased disease transmission risks, whereas effective environmental health management reduced such risks. In conclusion, environmental health quality in sports halls is a crucial determinant of communicable disease prevention in basketball and volleyball learning environments. Comprehensive environmental management strategies are essential to ensure safe, healthy, and sustainable physical education activities.

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